The Gemstone Guide

The Gemstone Guide

Four precious stones, grown true.

Emerald, ruby, and sapphire in blue and in yellow: the four precious stones we work with. Each is grown as the true mineral, then cut and chosen for one thing above all, its colour.

Four stonesGrown, never imitatedBegin reading

Four stones, two families

9hardness of ruby and sapphire
2mineral families: corundum and beryl
4precious stones, and only four

Each one the true mineral, never an imitation. How they are grown

01 · Origins

Grown, not imitated

A lab-grown emerald is emerald, and a lab-grown ruby is ruby. They are not glass or coloured crystal made to look the part; a gemmologist's instruments read them as the real mineral, because they are.

Ruby and sapphire

Corundum

Al2O3

Crystallised aluminium oxide, second only to diamond in hardness. Ruby and sapphire are the same mineral; a trace of chromium makes it red, iron and titanium make it blue, and iron alone turns it yellow.

Hardness
9
Refractive index
1.76 – 1.77
Density
4.0 g/cm³

Emerald

Beryl

Be3Al2Si6O18

A crystal of beryllium, aluminium and silicon. Pure beryl is colourless; traces of chromium and vanadium give emerald its green. It is hard, but more brittle than corundum, so it rewards a protective setting.

Hardness
7.5 – 8
Refractive index
1.57 – 1.58
Density
2.7 g/cm³

How they are grown

Emeralds are grown slowly from a hot, mineral-rich solution, much as they form in veins underground. Rubies and sapphires are grown from molten or dissolved aluminium oxide, with the colouring element added in exact measure.

Cleaner, and untreated

Most mined emeralds are filled with oil or resin to hide fractures, and most mined rubies and sapphires are heated to improve their colour. A grown stone forms clean enough, and coloured truly enough, not to need it.

Still individual

Grown crystals are not identical. Each carries its own faint growth features under magnification, and each is cut by hand, so no two of our stones are quite alike.

MinedA typical emerald
GrownBy Diamos

MinedMost mined emeralds carry open fissures, filled with oil or resin so they look clearer.

GrownA grown emerald forms slowly and cleanly, its colour true throughout.

An illustration. Draw the line across the stone to compare.

How an emerald is grown

A crystal, given time

  1. I

    A seed of beryl

    A grown emerald begins as a thin plate of beryl, the mineral every emerald is made of. It sets the pattern the new crystal will follow.

  2. II

    Sealed in solution

    The seed is suspended in a strong vessel with a hot, mineral-rich solution, the same conditions in which emeralds form in veins deep underground. The colouring elements, chromium and vanadium, are added in exact measure.

  3. III

    Growing, slowly

    Over weeks and months, beryl crystallises onto the seed, layer by layer. Grown slowly, it forms with fewer of the fissures that mined emeralds so often carry.

  4. IV

    Cut by hand

    The rough crystal is cut and polished, most often into the octagonal step cut named after the stone itself, to show its green at its most even and vivid.

Colombian Emerald

02 · Panna

Colombian Emerald

The green of Colombia

The finest emeralds have always come from Colombia, prized for a green that is vivid and pure, with a cool, almost blue undertone and none of the yellow of lesser stones. Ours are grown to that colour, which is why we call them Colombian: the name describes the green, not the ground.

Mineral
Beryl, coloured by chromium and vanadium
Hardness
7.5 – 8 on the Mohs scale
The colour we choose
Vivid, slightly bluish green, bright rather than dark
Our cuts
Octagon, the step cut that bears the emerald's name

Emerald is the most delicate of the four. Choose a setting that guards its corners, and keep it away from ultrasonic cleaners, steam and sudden heat.

View our emeralds
Ruby

03 · Manik

Ruby

The red that glows

In a fine ruby the red seems to burn from within. That is no illusion: the chromium that colours it also makes it fluoresce in daylight, so the stone glows. The most coveted shade, a pure, rich red with the faintest touch of blue, has long been called pigeon's blood.

Mineral
Corundum, coloured by chromium
Hardness
9 on the Mohs scale
The colour we choose
Pure, saturated red, neither orange nor pink
Our cuts
Oval and octagon

Hard enough for everyday wear in any setting. Clean with warm, soapy water and a soft brush.

View our rubies
Blue Sapphire

04 · Neelam

Blue Sapphire

The blue of a royal sky

Blue sapphire is the stone of royal rings and heirlooms, and the most enduring of coloured gems. Collectors prize a velvety royal blue and the softer, brighter cornflower blue. Too dark and it turns inky; too pale and it turns grey. The best sit between.

Mineral
Corundum, coloured by iron and titanium
Hardness
9 on the Mohs scale
The colour we choose
Rich royal to cornflower blue, saturated but never inky
Our cuts
Oval, cushion, elongated cushion and heart

As hard-wearing as ruby, and just as happy in an everyday ring.

View our blue sapphires
Yellow Sapphire

05 · Pukhraj

Yellow Sapphire

The colour of sunlight

Yellow sapphire runs from a pale lemon to a deep, golden canary. The most sought-after is a clean, bright canary yellow, warm without turning brown or orange. It has all of sapphire's strength and brilliance in the warmest of colours.

Mineral
Corundum, coloured by iron
Hardness
9 on the Mohs scale
The colour we choose
Clean, bright canary to golden yellow
Our cuts
Oval and octagon

As durable as any sapphire. Clean with warm, soapy water and a soft brush.

View our yellow sapphires

06 · Choosing

Colour, above all

A diamond is judged first by its cut. A coloured stone is judged first by its colour, and colour has three parts.

Hue

The colour itself

Red, green, blue or yellow, and the faint secondary tones within it. The finest stones are close to the pure colour, with only the touch of another that suits them, such as the blue in a Colombian green.

Tone

How light or dark

The most valued stones are a medium to medium-dark tone. Too light and the colour looks washed out; too dark and the stone loses its life, especially by candlelight.

Saturation

How vivid

The strength of the colour, from greyish or brownish to fully vivid. This is where the finest stones separate from the rest, and where grown stones excel.

Carat and size

The same weight, a different size

Carat is a weight, and these stones are not equally dense. Sapphire and ruby are heavier than diamond, so a carat of either sits a little smaller; emerald is lighter, so a carat of emerald looks larger. When comparing stones, look at their measurements in millimetres as well as their carat weight.

Coloured stones are also often cut deeper than diamonds to hold more colour, which adds weight without adding face-up size.

One carat, round, face up
Across
Emerald 2.7 g/cm³
about 7.1 mm
Diamond 3.5 g/cm³
about 6.5 mm
Ruby, sapphire 4.0 g/cm³
about 6.2 mm

Clarity

Coloured stones are judged by eye, not under a loupe as diamonds are. Ruby and sapphire should look clean. Emerald almost always shows something within, a soft garden of veils the French call jardin; in a fine stone it never clouds the colour.

Cut

A good cut spreads the colour evenly across the stone. Look for a face free of a pale "window" at its centre, where light passes straight through, or dark patches where it is lost.

Light

See a coloured stone in daylight and indoors before you decide. Sapphires can deepen under warm light, rubies glow in daylight, and emeralds are at their best in soft, natural light.

07 · Tradition

Panna, Manik, Neelam, Pukhraj

In India these four stones carry meaning far beyond their beauty, and many are chosen on the advice of an astrologer. We respect that tradition, and want you to choose with clear eyes.

Our stones are the true minerals, identical in composition and colour to their mined counterparts. Traditions differ, however, on whether a grown stone serves the same astrological purpose as a mined one. If that is why you are buying, please speak with your astrologer first.

08 · Care

Keeping their colour

Colour in these stones is part of the crystal, and does not fade. What they need is protection from knocks, and a little care in cleaning.

Ruby & sapphireEmerald
Everyday ringsIdealWith a protective setting
Warm, soapy water and a soft brushYesYes, gently
Ultrasonic or steam cleaningUsually safeNever
Sudden heat or coldAvoidAvoid
StorageIn its own pouchIn its own pouch, away from harder stones

Questions

Are lab-grown gemstones real?

Yes. A lab-grown emerald is beryl and a lab-grown ruby or sapphire is corundum, the same minerals as their mined counterparts, with the same hardness and optical properties. They are not glass, cubic zirconia or other imitations.

Why do you call your emeralds Colombian?

For their colour. Colombia is famous for emeralds of a vivid, slightly bluish green, and ours are grown to that green. They are lab grown, not mined in Colombia.

Will the colour fade?

No. The colour comes from trace elements locked into the crystal itself, so it is as permanent as the stone.

Are your stones treated?

Our stones are lab grown. They do not need the oil, resin or heat treatments that most mined emeralds, rubies and sapphires receive.

Can I have a loose stone set in jewellery?

Yes. Choose a stone and our atelier can design a ring, pendant or earrings around it.

Are gemstones part of the lifetime exchange?

No. Because coloured stones are so often chosen for personal or astrological reasons, gemstones and gemstone jewellery are not included in our lifetime exchange. Please see the terms for details.

Should I buy a lab-grown stone for astrology?

Traditions differ on this, so we recommend speaking with your astrologer before you buy. Our stones are the true minerals, but we would rather you choose with full knowledge.